abstract：:T cells, as orchestrators of the adaptive immune response, serve important physiological and potentially therapeutic roles, for example in cancer immunotherapy. T cells are readily isolated from patients; however, the yield of antigen-specific T cells is limited, thus making their clinical use challenging. Therefore, ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Brauer PM,Singh J,Xhiku S,Zúñiga-Pflücker JC

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike T cells that recognize digested peptides, B cells recognize their cognate antigen in its native form. The B cell receptor used in recognition can also be secreted to bind to antigens and initiate multiple effector functions such as phagocytosis, complement activation, or neutralization of receptors. While B cel...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Heesters BA,van der Poel CE,Das A,Carroll MC

更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autophagy is a group of cellular pathways that deliver cytoplasmic constituents for lysosomal degradation. The peptides generated from these pathways can be presented by MHC II molecules, making autophagy an important source of antigens for CD4+ T cells. In addition, modules of the molecular machinery of autophagy wer...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Münz C

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophages mount complex responses to pathogens. Although several key signaling pathways have been identified, it remains unclear how they work together to provide specificity. In a recent paper, Gottschalk et al. report that differential dose-response behaviors of the NFκB and MAPK pathways allow dose-specific gene ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Hoffmann A

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We under...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Mayya V,Dustin ML

更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TNF is a master proinflammatory cytokine whose pathogenic role in inflammatory disorders has long been attributed to induction of proinflammatory mediators. TNF also activates cell survival and death pathways, and recent studies demonstrated that TNF also causes inflammation by inducing cell death. The default respons...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ting AT,Bertrand MJM

更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Harmless microbes colonizing the gut require the establishment of a well-equilibrated symbiosis between this microbiota and its host. However, the immune system is primed to recognize both conserved microbial patterns and foreign antigens, and therefore developed strong tolerance mechanisms to prevent potential fatal ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ohnmacht C

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In clinical practice, a successful patient-physician partnership can improve the outcome of treatment, especially in cases of chronic disease or cancer. To establish this partnership, physicians must explain treatment options and potential outcomes, but how to best do this when treatment is based on scientific princip...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Friedman CF,Wolchok JD

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has immunoregulatory roles associated with tryptophan metabolism. These include counter-regulation (controlling inflammation) and acquired tolerance in T cells. Recent findings reveal that IDO can be triggered by innate responses during tumorigenesis, and also by attempted T cell acti...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Munn DH,Mellor AL

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inducing sustained, robust CD8(+) T cell responses is necessary for therapeutic intervention in chronic infectious diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, most adjuvant formulations fail to induce substantial cellular immunity in humans. Attenuated acute infectious agents induce strong CD8(+) T cell immunity, and are thou...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Pennock ND,Kedl JD,Kedl RM

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in genome analysis have provided important insights into the genetic architecture of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The combined analysis of loci detected by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 22 inflammatory diseases has revealed a shared genetic core and associated biochemical pathways ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Fodil N,Langlais D,Gros P

更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three recent studies provide new insight into the mechanisms that promote the differentiation of antigen-primed T cells into the follicular helper T (Tfh) lineage, revealing a key role for the transcription factor TCF-1 in the regulation of the Bcl6-Blimp-1 axis that mediates the divergence between the Tfh and the Th1...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Chen Y,Yu D

更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microglia are brain macrophages that emerge from early erythro-myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac and migrate to the brain mesenchyme before the blood brain barrier is formed. They seed the brain, and proliferate until they have formed a grid-like distribution in the central nervous system that is maintained...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Waisman A,Ginhoux F,Greter M,Bruttger J

更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell metabolism has a central role in supporting and shaping immune responses and may have a key role in antitumor immunity. T cell metabolism is normally held under tight regulation in an immune response of glycolysis to promote effector T cell expansion and function. However, tumors may deplete nutrients, generate...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Siska PJ,Rathmell JC

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Senescent cells, albeit not proliferating, are metabolically and transcriptionally active, thereby capable of affecting their microenvironment, notably via the production of inflammatory mediators. These mediators maintain and propagate the senescence process to neighboring cells, and then recruit immune cells for cle...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lasry A,Ben-Neriah Y

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How allergens trigger the T helper 2 (Th2) response that characterizes allergic lung inflammation is not well understood. Epithelium-derived alarmins released after an allergen encounter activate the innate immune system, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) which produce the type 2 interleukins IL-5 and IL...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Martinez-Gonzalez I,Steer CA,Takei F

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of a primary challenge to protect against secondary infection (e.g., during vaccination) independent of the adaptive immune system is mediated in part by macrophage 'training'. Two new studies show that macrophage training is associated with genome-wide epigenetic changes and is regulated by the mTOR pathw...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Horng T

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dynamics plays an important but underappreciated role in the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). Crystallographic studies have provided key molecular insights into this interaction; however, due to inherent features of the structural approach, the im...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kass I,Buckle AM,Borg NA

更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human immune system comprises cellular and molecular components designed to coordinately prevent infection while avoiding potentially harmful inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity varies with age, reflecting unique age-dependent challenges including fetal gestation, the neonatal phase, and infancy. Here, we revi...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Dowling DJ,Levy O

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune suppression by T(reg) cells must be overcome to mount robust and effective anti-pathogen immune responses. A new paper in Immunity from Medzhitov and colleagues shows that IL-1-dependent activation of MyD88 promotes the development of Th1 cells by rendering them impervious to T(reg) cell-mediated inhibition. ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Campbell DJ

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD)1 and NOD2 participate in signaling pathways that detect pathogen-induced processes, such as the presence of peptidoglycan fragments in the host cell cytosol, as danger signals. Recent work suggests that peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD1 indirectly, through ac...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Keestra AM,Bäumler AJ

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and miRNAs, are induced in B cells by the same stimuli that drive the antibody response. They play major roles in regulating somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch DNA recombination (CSR), and differentiation to plasma cells or long...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Li G,Zan H,Xu Z,Casali P

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent epidemiological studies have shown that, in addition to disease-specific effects, vaccines against infectious diseases have nonspecific effects on the ability of the immune system to handle other pathogens. For instance, in randomized trials tuberculosis and measles vaccines are associated with a substantial re...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Benn CS,Netea MG,Selin LK,Aaby P

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antigen cross-presentation describes the process through which dendritic cells (DCs) acquire exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. The ability to cross-present has been thought of as a feature of specialized DC subsets. Emerging data, however, suggest that the cross-presenting ability of each D...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Nierkens S,Tel J,Janssen E,Adema GJ

更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein (Card)9 is a nonredundant adapter protein that functions in the innate immune system in the assembly of multifunctional signaling complexes. Together with B cell lymphoma (Bcl)10 and the paracaspase, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (Malt)1,...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Roth S,Ruland J

更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophage polarization refers to development of a specific phenotype important for tissue homeostasis or host defense in response to environmental cues. Environmental factors that induce macrophage polarization include cytokines and microbial factors produced by pathogens or commensal microbiota. Signaling pathways u...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ivashkiv LB

更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory process resulting from activation of the well-defined interleukin (IL)-23/T17 cytokine axis. We review the role of key cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in psoriasis, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, focusing on therapeutic cytokine interventions and what they reveal about psoriatic...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lowes MA,Russell CB,Martin DA,Towne JE,Krueger JG

更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In autoimmune disease, a network of diverse cytokines is produced in association with disease susceptibility to constitute the 'cytokine milieu' that drives chronic inflammation. It remains elusive how cytokines interact in such a complex network to sustain inflammation in autoimmune disease. This has presented huge c...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Liu X,Fang L,Guo TB,Mei H,Zhang JZ

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Manipulating the immune system in order to induce clinically relevant responses against cancer is a longstanding goal. Interventions to enhance tumor-specific immunity through vaccination, sustaining effector T cell activation, or increasing the numbers of tumor-specific T cells using ex vivo expansion, have all resul...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Gao J,Bernatchez C,Sharma P,Radvanyi LG,Hwu P

更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The circadian system ensures the generation and maintenance of self-sustained ~24-h rhythms in physiology that are linked to internal and environmental changes. In mammals, daily variations in light intensity and other cues are integrated by a hypothalamic master clock that conveys circadian information to peripheral ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Arjona A,Silver AC,Walker WE,Fikrig E

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved homeostatic process by which cells deliver cytoplasmic material for degradation into lysosomes. Autophagy may have evolved as a nutrient-providing homeostatic pathway induced upon starvation, but with the acquisition of cargo receptors, autophagy has become an important cellula...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Randow F,Münz C

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Whether MHC restriction by the T cell receptor (TCR) is a product of evolutionary pressures leading to germline-encoded 'rules of engagement' remains avidly debated. Structural results derived from analysis of TCR-peptide-MHC complexes appear to support a model of physical specificity between TCR germline V regions an...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Garcia KC

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymph nodes are strategically located throughout the body to allow lymphocytes to efficiently encounter their cognate antigen and become activated. The structure of the lymph nodes is such that B and T lymphocytes each have their own microdomain. This structure is provided by lymph node stromal cells, which also provi...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Koning JJ,Mebius RE

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:γδ T lymphocytes are involved in the stress response to injured epithelia and in tissue homeostasis by limiting the dissemination of malignant or infected cells and by regulating the nature of the subsequent adaptive immune response. γδ T cells have potent MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, a high potential for cytokine r...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Hannani D,Ma Y,Yamazaki T,Déchanet-Merville J,Kroemer G,Zitvogel L

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Helminth parasites survive through a combination of parasite longevity, repeated re-infection and selective immune suppression to prevent protective Th2 responses. To counteract helminth-induced immunosuppression, and to induce long-term immunological memory, understanding of the multiple regulatory pathways within th...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Taylor MD,van der Werf N,Maizels RM

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With the identification of T helper (Th)17 cells, a specific subset of CD4 T cells expressing interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22, research on the function of these cytokines initially largely focused on traditional adaptive immune responses. However, IL-17 and IL-22 enhance basic innate barrier defenses at mucosal surfaces...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Rubino SJ,Geddes K,Girardin SE

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies have uncovered sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) as the restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells. In contrast to previously identified HIV-1 restriction factors, SAMHD1 does not meet a countermeasure developed by HIV-1. However, HIV-2 and certain simian immunodeficien...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Laguette N,Benkirane M

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) represent the major migratory DC population in the intestinal lamina propria and are believed to play an essential role in the initiation and regulation of mucosal adaptive immune responses. Small intestine (SI) CD103(+) DCs have an enhanced capacity to generate the vitamin A metabolite,...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Agace WW,Persson EK

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are in widespread use for the treatment of cancer. Their success as cancer therapeutics relies substantially on their ability to engage the immune system. Specifically, Fc-receptor-expressing immune cells mediate the killing of tumor cells by mAbs. Stimulation of these immune effector cell...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Houot R,Kohrt HE,Marabelle A,Levy R

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Migration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is essential during embryonic development and throughout adult life. During embryogenesis, trafficking of HSCs is responsible for the sequential colonization of different hematopoietic organs by blood-producing cells. In adulthood, circulation of HSCs maintains homeostasis ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Mazo IB,Massberg S,von Andrian UH

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00